Gut
Butyrate plays a crucial role in the regulation of gut microbiota metabolism [13]. Additionally, butyrate works primarily as a metabolic substrate for colonocytes, with up to 90% of it being utilized by these cells [14]. Therefore, butyrate definitely affects these cells’ growth status [15]. In addition, it has been observed that butyrate not only acts as a key regulator in metabolism but also regulates homeostasis in immunological and inflammatory response [14]. In summary, butyrate is known to exert numerous advantageous effects on the human body. Butyrate is prominently abundant in milk and milk products derived from various mammals, as these consumables contain high levels of various types of SCFAs [16]. Significant sources of butyric acid include bovine milk fat and its derivatives, with butter containing approximately 3 g per 100 g, parmesan cheese containing approximately 1.5 g per 100 g, goat’s cheese containing approximately 1–1.8 g per 100 g, and whole cow’s milk containing approximately 0.1 g per 100 g [17]. Butyrate production contributes efficiently to dietary fiber foods, as SCFAs are all abundant and since butyrate is part of SCFAs, such as oats, chickpeas, broccoli, and carrots, since they can be fermented in the gut [18,19]. Meanwhile, foods rich in resistant starches, such as cooked potatoes and green bananas, can contribute to butyrate metabolism